We are selfish men Oh! raise us up, return to us again And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power. Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee: she is a fen Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen, Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower, Have forfeited their ancient English dower Of inward happiness. It is at the volta thatthe second idea is introduced, as in this sonnet by Wordsworth: 'London, 1802'

This change occurs at thebeginning of L9 in the Italian sonnet and is called the volta,or 'turn' the turn is an essential element of the sonnet form, perhaps the essential element. In accordance with the principle(which supposedly applies to all rhymed poetry but oftendoesn't), a change from one rhyme group to another signifiesa change in subject matter. The point here is that the poem is divided into two sections bythe two differing rhyme groups. In strict practice, the one thing that is to be avoidedin the sestet is ending with a couplet (dd or ee), as this wasnever permitted in Italy, and Petrarch himself (supposedly) never used a couplet ending in actual practice, sestets aresometimes ended with couplets (Sidney's 'Sonnet LXXI givenbelow is an example of such a terminal couplet in an Italiansonnet). The exact pattern of sestet rhymes (unlike the octave pattern)is flexible.

The remaining 6 lines is called the sestet and can haveeither two or three rhyming sounds, arranged in a variety ofways: c d c d c d The first 8 lines is called the octaveand rhymes: a b b a a b b a

The Italian sonnet is divided into two sections by two differentgroups of rhyming sounds. The basic meter of all sonnets in English is iambic pentameter ( basic information on iambic pentameter),although there have been a few tetrameter and even hexametersonnets, as well. There are, of course, other types of sonnets,as well, but I'll stick for now to just the basic three (Italian, Spenserian, English), with a brief look at some non-standard sonnets. Each of the three major types of sonnets accomplishesthis in a somewhat different way. Basically, in a sonnet, youshow two related but differing things to the reader in order to communicatesomething about them. Basic Sonnet Forms Basic Sonnet Forms Nelson Miller From the Cayuse Press Writers Exchange BoardĪ sonnet is fundamentally a dialectical construct which allows the poet to examine the nature and ramifications of two usually contrastive ideas,emotions, states of mind, beliefs, actions, events, images, etc., byjuxtaposing the two against each other, and possibly resolving or justrevealing the tensions created and operative between the two.

Are all sonnets in iambic pentameter